Outstanding Heroes, Each Leading Their Field (Part 2)

Section 2: Scientific and Technological Inventions and a Succession of Talents. The Inventor of Papermaking — Cai Lun. Cai Lun (61–121), a native of Guiyang Commandery (present-day Leiyang City), invented papermaking in the first year of Yuanxing. Drawing on predecessors' experience, he was the first to use tree bark, hemp, rags, old fishing nets and other materials, processing them through pounding, mashing, screening, and drying to make paper, called "Marquis Cai Paper," making great contributions to reforming and promoting papermaking...

This article has been compiled from historical materials in the "Zhangjiajie Tour Guide Network" (33519.com · City Overview section). Some administrative divisions, population, socioeconomic data, and policy information may be outdated and are for reference only; for the latest situation, please refer to official releases by the local government and scenic areas.

Section II

Scientific and Technological Inventions: A Galaxy of Talents

The Inventor of Papermaking — Cai Lun

Cai Lun (61–121), a native of Guiyang Commandery (present-day Leiyang City). In the first year of the Yuanxing era, he invented papermaking. Drawing on the experience of his predecessors, he was the first to use raw materials such as tree bark, hemp ends, rags, and old fishing nets, processing them through techniques of pounding, mashing, scooping, and drying to make paper, which was called Marquis Cai paper. He made great contributions to reforming and promoting papermaking, and later generations have passed down his name as the inventor of papermaking. Papermaking is one of the "Four Great Inventions" of ancient Chinese science and technology, a most precious contribution of the Chinese nation to world civilization. It greatly promoted the spread and exchange of world science and culture and profoundly influenced the course of world history.

The Patriarch of Firecrackers — Li Tian

Li Tian was a native of Mashi Village, Fuli Town, Liling, born in the fourth year of the Wude era of Emperor Gaozu of Tang (621). According to historical records, Li Tian initially used the crackling sound of burning bamboo tubes to drive away evil spirits. Unexpectedly, this act became a miraculous discovery, pioneering the use of gunpowder to make firecrackers, and so he is revered as the founding patriarch of the fireworks and firecracker industry. The people of Shangli have always worshipped Li Tian with great reverence. As early as the third year of the Hongwu era of Emperor Taizu of Ming (1370 AD), a "Spirit Tablet of Li Tian, Patriarch of Firecrackers" was installed in the Yousheng Temple on South Street in Shangli, which had been first built in the ninth year of the Eastern Jin (354 AD). Every year on the eighteenth day of the fourth lunar month, Li Tian's birthday, people in Shangli engaged in the firecracker industry come in succession to mourn the patriarch, a custom that continues to this day. The founding patriarch Li Tian's merits shine through the ages and his blessings are bestowed upon countless generations. Generation after generation, those in the fireworks and firecracker trade remember their source with gratitude, and his praises are on everyone's lips.

The Miraculous Doctor of Diphtheria — Li Jifang

Li Jifang (1828–1885) was a native of Changbi Village, Songbaiqiao Township, present-day Hengshan County. In his youth, he studied medicine under his maternal grandfather, Yin Shenwei. In the second year of the Tongzhi era (1863), he began practicing medicine, devoting himself to the study of internal medicine, surgery, throat diseases, and swelling disorders. At that time, diphtheria was rampant, yet there was no specialized work on its diagnosis and treatment, and ordinary physicians were at a loss in the face of the disease. Li Jifang began to try some of the methods for treating diphtheria passed down by his maternal grandfather. Twenty years later, having accumulated rich experience, he compiled the book "Complete Collection on the Treatment of Diphtheria," which resolved the difficulties many doctors faced with the malignant disease of diphtheria and saved the lives of numerous patients. Li Jifang thereby became renowned throughout the country and was called by his contemporaries the miraculous doctor of diphtheria. After Li Jifang's death, later generations carved a stone statue of him, which was displayed in the Shrine of the Medical Sage in Nanyang, Henan, alongside the statues of 112 famous physicians of successive Chinese dynasties. His name was recorded in the "Great Dictionary of Chinese Medicine" published in 1921.

The Medical Sage of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicine — Zhang Zhongjing

Zhang Zhongjing was a famous medical scientist of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, known as "the Sage among Physicians, the Ancestor of Prescriptions." It is said that he was once recommended as a filial and incorrupt official and served as the governor of Changsha, hence he was also called Zhang Changsha. From childhood, he was fond of medicine, "widely read in all books, and quietly delighted in the arts of the Way." In his youth, he studied medicine under Zhang Bozu of the same commandery. After years of assiduous study and clinical practice, his medical reputation grew greatly, and he became an outstanding medical scientist in the history of Chinese medicine. Zhang Zhongjing extensively collected medical prescriptions and wrote the monumental work "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases." The principle of treatment based on syndrome differentiation that it established is the basic principle of clinical practice in traditional Chinese medicine and the very soul of Chinese medicine. In the field of formulary science, "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases" also made tremendous contributions, creating many dosage forms and recording a large number of effective prescriptions. The therapeutic principle of six-meridian syndrome differentiation that it established has been highly praised by medical scientists through the ages. This is China's first medical monograph that established the rules of treatment based on syndrome differentiation from theory to practice. It is one of the most influential works in the history of Chinese medicine and an essential classic for later scholars studying traditional Chinese medicine, widely valued by medical students and clinical doctors.

"Two Bombs, One Satellite" Meritorious Figure — Zhou Guangzhao

Zhou Guangzhao was born in 1929 in Changsha, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University in 1951 and went to the Soviet Union in 1957, serving as an intermediate researcher at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow. He returned to China in 1961 and successively served as chief engineer of the Ninth Institute (Academy) of the Second Ministry of Machine Building, visiting professor at the University of Virginia and the University of California in the United States, researcher at CERN, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, concurrently professor in the Department of Physics at Peking University, department chair of the Department of Physics and dean of the School of Science at Tsinghua University, vice president, president, and executive chairman of the Presidium of the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology. In 1980, he was elected a member of the Mathematics and Physics Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. He has mainly engaged in research on high-energy physics and nuclear weapons theory. In 1958, he was the first in the world to propose the helicity amplitude of particles and established the corresponding mathematical method, and is recognized worldwide as one of the founders of the partially conserved axial vector current theorem. At the same time, he also contributed to the theoretical design of China's first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. In 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs, One Satellite Meritorious Medal."

The Father of Hybrid Rice — Yuan Longping

Yuan Longping was born in 1930. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and currently serves as director of the China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center and the Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, and vice chairman of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He is the founder of hybrid rice research in China and the first person in the world to successfully utilize the heterosis of rice. He has long been engaged in theoretical research on hybrid rice breeding and practice in seed production technology. In 1964, he was the first to propose the idea of cultivating the "three-line method" — sterile line, maintainer line, and restorer line — to utilize rice heterosis, and conducted scientific experiments. In 1970, he and his assistants Li Bihu and Feng Keshan discovered in Hainan a wild rice plant with pollen abortion and male sterility, which became the key to breaking through the "three-line" matching. In 1972, he bred China's first rice male sterile line for large-scale application, "Erjiunan No. 1 A," and the corresponding maintainer line "Erjiunan No. 1 B." The following year, he bred the first strongly heterotic combination for large-scale promotion, "Nanyou No. 2," and developed a complete set of seed production techniques. In 1986, he proposed the strategic concept of dividing hybrid rice breeding into "utilization of inter-varietal heterosis by the three-line method, utilization of inter-subspecific heterosis by the two-line method, and utilization of distant heterosis by the one-line method." He is hailed by his peers as the "Father of Hybrid Rice." Internationally, hybrid rice is even regarded as China's fifth great invention after the Four Great Inventions, praised as the "Second Green Revolution." He has successively received eight international awards, including the Gold Medal of the "Outstanding Inventor" from the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization, the "Science Prize" from UNESCO, the "Rank Prize" from the Rank Foundation of the United Kingdom, the "World Food Prize" from the Feinstein Foundation of the United States, the "Food Security Award" from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Japan's "Nikkei Asia Prize," the world "Pioneer Scientist Award" for crop heterosis utilization, and the "Japan Koshihikari International Rice Prize."

The Father of the "Diwa Theory" — Chen Guoda

Chen Guoda was born in 1912 in Xinhui, Guangdong. He graduated from the Department of Geology at Sun Yat-sen University in 1934. He once served as professor and department chair of the Department of Geology at Sun Yat-sen University. After 1952, he successively served as professor, department chair of the Department of Geology, deputy director of the Scientific Research Department, and vice president of the Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (later renamed Central South University of Technology), deputy director of the Hunan Institute of Geology, director and honorary director of the Changsha Institute of Geotectonics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and doctoral supervisor at Central South University of Technology. In 1980, he was elected a member of the Earth Sciences Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994, and in 1998 was awarded the title of "Senior Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" by the State Council. He long engaged in research and teaching in regional geology, structural geology, earthquakes, geomorphology, neotectonics, paleobotany, metallogenic regularities, ore deposits, rocks, and sedimentology. In 1956, he proposed a new theory on continental crustal structure and crustal evolutionary movement of intracontinental orogenic belts — the Diwa Theory — which was listed as one of the major events in the history of natural science. It contributed to promoting the development of Earth sciences and the exploitation of mineral resources, and won the Second Prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982. In 1991, he also founded crustobody (historical-causal) geotectonics.

A Master of Powder Metallurgy Research in China — Huang Peiyun

Huang Peiyun was born in 1917. He is honorary chairman of the Hunan Provincial Association for Science and Technology, academic advisor at Central South University, and a doctoral supervisor. He is a world-renowned powder metallurgist and one of the founders and pioneers of China's powder metallurgy discipline. Huang Peiyun founded the famous powder compaction theory and sintering theory. He successfully developed a variety of powder metallurgy materials for use in nuclear, aerospace, aviation, electronics, and other fields. He proposed a calculation model for the activity coefficient of irregular solutions, a method and model for calculating ternary phase diagrams with ternary parameters, and theories for producing amorphous, quasicrystalline, and microcrystalline metal powders through multi-stage rapid solidification. He has won numerous national and provincial/ministerial awards. He has published more than 80 academic papers and 2 monographs. Professor Huang Peiyun is a world-renowned powder metallurgist and one of the founders and pioneers of China's powder metallurgy discipline. The powder compaction theory and sintering theory he founded entered the frontier fields of contemporary international materials science and high-tech development, attracting the attention and high praise of the international powder metallurgy community. Through cooperation, he also achieved many major results in alloy phase diagram calculation, rapid condensation, and many other fields, playing an important role in the development of China's aviation, aerospace, nuclear energy, and ordnance industries. He has twice won the National Natural Science Award and many provincial and ministerial awards.

The Father of China's "Giant Computers" — Ci Yungui

Ci Yungui was born in 1917 in Tongcheng, Anhui. He graduated from the Department of Electromechanical Engineering at Hunan University in 1942 and from the graduate program of the Radio Research Institute at Tsinghua University in 1946. He successively served as a lecturer at Tsinghua University, associate professor in the Command Department of Dalian Naval Engineering College and concurrently director of the Communications Department, and professor and department chair of the Computer Department at Harbin Military Engineering College. After 1972, he successively served as director of the Computer Research Institute of Changsha Institute of Technology, vice president of the National University of Defense Technology and concurrently director of the Department of Electronic Computers, director of the Computer Research Institute, and doctoral supervisor, and member and advisor of the Science and Technology Committee of the Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. In 1980, he was elected a member of the Technical Sciences Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and honorary chairman of the Artificial Intelligence Society of the five central-southern provinces. Throughout his life, he engaged in teaching electronic computer theory and in computer development work. He successively presided over the development of more than 70 large, medium, and small computers of 26 different models and began the development of intelligent computers. He presided over the completion of China's first special-purpose electronic tube digital computer, the 901, one of the earliest successfully developed transistor general-purpose digital computers, the 441B series, and a large million-operation-level integrated circuit general-purpose digital computer. He served as technical commander-in-chief and chief designer of the Yinhe billion-operation-level giant computer. The Yinhe billion-operation-level giant computer won the Special Prize for Scientific and Technological Achievements from the Central Military Commission.

An Expert in the Research of China's First Nuclear Bomb Detonation Control System — Yu Daguang

Yu Daguang was born in 1921 in Changsha, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering of the School of Engineering at Wuhan University in 1944 and stayed on as an assistant and lecturer. In 1950, he went to study at Harbin Institute of Technology, and in 1953 was retained there, serving as director of the teaching and research section, deputy department chair, and associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. He successively served as deputy director of the Design Department of the Ninth Institute (Academy) of the Second Ministry of Machine Building (Southwest Institute of Engineering Physics, later renamed China Academy of Engineering Physics), director, researcher, and vice president of the Institute of Electronic Engineering, deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee, and scientific advisor of the China Academy of Engineering Physics and concurrently professor at Beijing Institute of Power Economics. In 1995, he was elected an academician of the Information and Electronic Engineering Division of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is skilled in research on basic electrical engineering theory. After 1962, he mainly engaged in leading and organizing the scheme review, internal and external coordination, and test finalization of nuclear weapon detonation control systems and nuclear warheads. The "Nuclear Weapon Detonation Control System" he presided over won the award of the 1978 National Science Conference; the "Breakthrough and Weaponization of the Hydrogen Bomb," which he participated in directing, won the Special Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985; and "A Certain Type of Flight Comprehensive Scientific Test" won the First Prize of the Science and Technology Progress Award of the China National Nuclear Corporation in 1987.

The "Patriarch" of China's Anti-Ship Missile Family — Yao Shaofu

Yao Shaofu was born in 1932 in Taoyuan, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Hunan University in 1951 and was sent to study in the Soviet Union in 1954, majoring in automation at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. After returning from his studies in 1960, he devoted himself to the missile cause. In 1997, he was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He successively served as head of the control group, deputy director of the research office at the 701 Institute and the Fifth Detachment of the Third Branch of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense; deputy director of the research office and deputy director of the Third Department of the Third Academy of the Seventh Ministry of Machine Building; deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee and senior engineer of the Third Academy; vice president, president, and researcher of the Third Academy of the Ministry of Space Industry; director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Third Research Academy of the China Aerospace Corporation; deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the China Aerospace Corporation; and deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of China Aerospace Machinery and Electronics Corporation. In his work on the development of China's cruise missile models, he served as chief or deputy chief designer for many types of anti-ship missiles, presiding over model development and flight tests. He made outstanding contributions to the overall technology of cruise missile models. In particular, he made major contributions to the development of China's YJ-8 series anti-ship missiles and is hailed as the "patriarch" of China's anti-ship missile family.

The Scientist Who First Proposed and Verified Laser Theory in China — Zhao Yijun

Zhao Yijun was born in 1930 in Beijing. He graduated from the Department of Physics at Peking University in 1953. He successively served as a lecturer in the Department of Atomic Engineering at Harbin Military Engineering College, director of the teaching and research section at Changsha Institute of Technology, professor in the Department of Applied Physics at the National University of Defense Technology, director of the Photon Confrontation Research Center, and doctoral supervisor, and researcher at the China National Defense Science and Technology Information Center in Beijing. In 1997, he was elected an academician of the Information and Electronic Engineering Division of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He long engaged in teaching and research on atomic and molecular physics and physical mechanics laser technology. In the 1970s, he conducted research on the interaction between lasers and matter, proposing a series of specific physical mechanics algorithms for deriving the physical property parameters of materials or media needed in radiation hydrodynamics calculations starting from atomic microstructure. He later proposed theoretical models for various mechanisms, including laser pulses causing thermal shock waves in solids, producing high pressure and spallation; continuous lasers softening materials and producing combined mechanical and thermal damage; and laser ablation of glass fiber-reinforced plastics causing carbonization and changing their electromagnetic properties, and verified them experimentally. After the 1980s, he mainly engaged in research on strong laser technology. His research results have won many national and ministerial-level science and technology progress awards.

The Scientist Who Filled Seven Gaps in China's Laser Technology Field — Gao Bolong

Gao Bolong was born in 1928 in Cenxi, Guangxi. He graduated from the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University in 1951. He successively served as an intern researcher at the Institute of Applied Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; chief instructor, lecturer, and associate professor at Harbin Military Engineering College; associate professor at the Physics Research Office and Laser Research Office of Changsha Institute of Technology; and professor in the Department of Applied Physics at the National University of Defense Technology, director of the Ring Laser Research Office, and doctoral supervisor. In 1997, he was elected an academician of the Information and Electronic Engineering Division of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He long engaged in research and teaching in theoretical physics and laser technology. The "Laser Coating Detection DF Transmission-Reflection Instrument" he presided over developing won the First Prize of the Hunan Provincial Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Award in 1980 and the Fourth Prize of the National Invention Award in 1987; the "Laser Gyroscope Laboratory Prototype" won the First Prize of the Science and Technology Progress Award of the Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense in 1987; the "Laser Gyroscope Engineering Prototype" and the "All-Internal-Cavity Green (Yellow, Orange) Light Helium-Neon Laser" won the First Prize of the Science and Technology Progress Award of the Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense in 1995, and the latter won the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1996. In 1996, he received the First Professional and Technical Major Contribution Award of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

The Founder of China's Automobile Industry — Meng Shaonong

Meng Shaonong was born in 1915 in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province. In 1935 he was admitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Tsinghua University, and in 1941 he passed the examination to become a government-funded student sent to the United States, entering the automotive program at MIT. He received his master's degree in 1943, then interned and worked as an engineer at the Ford Motor Company and the Studebaker Corporation in the United States. He returned to China in 1946 and served as associate professor and professor at Tsinghua University, where he established the automotive program. From 1948 onward, he successively served as an engineer in the Enterprise Department of the North China People's Government, director of the Technical Office of the Central Ministry of Heavy Industry, and deputy head of the Heavy Industry Automobile Preparatory Group. From 1952 to 1965 he was deputy director and chief engineer of the Changchun First Automobile Works; from 1965 to 1969 he was chief engineer of the China Automotive Industry Association, responsible for technical work in the automotive industry. From May 1971 to the end of 1977 he was deputy director of the Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi Automobile Factory. In December 1977 he was transferred to the Second Automobile Works, where he successively served as deputy director, chief engineer, member of the Party Committee Standing Committee, vice chairman of the Dongfeng Automobile Industry Joint Company, director of the Second Automobile Works Advisory Committee, and national first-class engineer. In November 1980 he was elected a member of the Division of Technological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He died of illness on January 15, 1988. In 1958, at First Automobile Works, Meng Shaonong presided over the design and trial production of China's first Dongfeng-brand automobile. In 1959 he led First Automobile Works designers in developing China's first "Hongqi" luxury sedan. For his outstanding contributions, he is hailed as the founder of China's automotive industry.

Shen Zhiyun: Pioneer of China's High-Speed Railway

Shen Zhiyun was born in 1929 in Changsha, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Tangshan Institute of Technology in 1952. In 1957 he went to the Soviet Union to study, and in 1961 he received a Candidate of Technical Sciences degree from the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineering. After returning to China, he successively served as a lecturer at Tangshan Railway College, professor at Southwest Jiaotong University, director of the Institute of Rolling Stock, director of the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, and doctoral supervisor. In 1991 he was elected a member of the Division of Technological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994, and in the same year was elected an academician of the Division of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He has long been devoted to teaching and research in vehicle system dynamics and control. In 1983 he published the "Theory of Nonlinear Wheel-Rail Creep Force Calculation," hailed as "Shen's Theory" and widely cited internationally; he achieved a series of results in wheel-rail dynamics, lateral stability, random dynamic response, and steady-state and dynamic curve negotiation; and he successfully developed China's first self-steering freight car bogie, reducing wheel flange wear to nearly zero. He presided over the establishment of the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, aimed at solving heavy-haul, high-speed, and safety issues. In 1993 he received the Zhan Tianyou Achievement Award.

Hou Zhenting: China's First Mathematician to Win the Royal Society's Davidson Prize

Hou Zhenting was born in 1936. He served as professor, doctoral supervisor, vice president, and director of the Research Institute at Changsha Railway College, and honorary chairman of the Hunan Provincial Association for Science and Technology. He long engaged in research on probability theory, especially Markov processes, created world-leading results in the construction theory of homogeneous countable Markov processes, and did pioneering work in the field of reversible Markov process infinite particle systems. The Markov process is a mathematical model proposed by the Russian mathematician Markov in 1907. It encompasses a series of random phenomena in nature and belongs both to the realm of basic mathematical theory and has broad application value in the natural sciences, technological sciences, and social sciences. The Markov process has become a very important theoretical branch of probability theory. After more than ten years of devoted research, in 1974 he published the paper "Uniqueness Criterion for Q-Processes" in Scientia Sinica, achieving research results that attracted the attention of the mathematics community at home and abroad on a central research topic of important theoretical value in Markov process theory. Professor Whittle, a British mathematician and director of the Statistical Mathematics Institute at Cambridge University, wrote to the president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences: "Hou Zhenting of Changsha Railway College has established a uniqueness criterion in the so-called 'existence problem of Q-processes.' In view of this extraordinary work, the Foundation has decided to award him a Davidson Prize." In 1978 the Royal Society awarded the Davidson Prize to this ordinary Chinese teacher, making him the first Chinese mathematician to receive this honor. In the same year, he also received an award from the National Science Conference. His research results are called "Hou's Theorem" by the international mathematics community.

Yu Ruqin: Leader of China's "Chemometrics"

Yu Ruqin was born in 1935 in Changsha, Hunan. In 1953 he entered the Leningrad Mining Institute in the Soviet Union, and in 1959 he graduated from the Department of Chemistry at Leningrad University. After returning to China, he worked at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1962 he was transferred to Hunan University, where he successively served as associate professor, professor, doctoral supervisor, and president of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. In 1991 he was elected a member of the Division of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. He has long been engaged in teaching and research in the fundamentals and applications of analytical chemistry, and is especially skilled in organic analytical reagents and chemometrics research. In research on the use of organic reagents in electrochemistry, catalytic kinetics, and photometric analysis, he synthesized a series of new organic analytical reagents, developed electrochemical sensors capable of testing more than ten kinds of ions and drugs, discovered multiple new catalytic kinetic reactions, and developed various sensitizing analytical reagents. The "Fluoride Ion Electrode Research" he presided over won an award at the 1978 National Science Conference; "Organic Reagents for Electrochemistry, Catalytic Kinetics and Photometric Analysis" won the Third Prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987; and "Classification Theory of Multi-Component Analysis Systems and Chemometrics Algorithm Research" won the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the State Education Commission in 1995. He is the author of "Information Theory Foundations of Modern Analytical Chemistry," "Introduction to Chemometrics," and other works; and has written more than 300 papers, including "Study on Primary Amine Drug Electrodes Using Novel Crown Ethers as Neutral Carriers."

Dai Yuanben: Chinese Theoretical Physicist and Particle Physicist

Dai Yuanben was born in 1928 in Changde, Hunan. He graduated as a graduate student from the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1961, and is a theoretical physicist and particle physicist. He successively served as assistant researcher, researcher, researcher at the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the First Research Office. In 1980 he was elected a member of the Division of Mathematics and Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. He was a member of the Seventh National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1984 he was awarded the title of National-Level Science and Technology Expert with Outstanding Contributions. He has long been engaged in research on particle physics theory, achieving important research results in areas such as the Regge pole theory of weak-interaction singular potentials and nonlocal potentials, the straton model, and the high-energy asymptotic behavior of quantum field theory, and has carried out in-depth research and achieved a series of original results in solitons, the straton-lepton composite model, and spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory. The straton model, in which he participated, won the Second Prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982. He has published more than one hundred papers in major international and domestic journals, including "Regge Behavior of Scattering Amplitudes for Singular Potentials," "Analyticity of the Scattering Matrix in Complex Angular Momentum under Nonlocal Potentials," "Structural Model of Strongly Interacting Particles," and "Sixth-Order Calculation of the High-Energy Behavior of Form Factors in Noncommutative Gauge Theory."

Li Nianzhi: A Leading Figure in the International Chemical Engineering World

Li Nianzhi was born in 1932 and is a chemical engineer. He is a U.S. citizen whose ancestral home is in Xiangtan, Hunan. In 1954 he received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from National Taiwan University. In 1959 he received a master's degree from Wayne State University in Michigan, and in 1963 he received a doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology. He has successively served as director of large research institutes at famous American petroleum, chemical, and chemical engineering companies and presided over research and development work. During half a century living in the United States, Li Nianzhi received many of the highest honors in chemical engineering and chemistry, including the Platinum Medal hailed as the "Nobel Prize of the chemical engineering world," and is known as a leading figure in the international chemical engineering world. He is one of the main founders of membrane science, an authority in the international separation science and chemical engineering communities, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, and a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently president of NL Chemical Technology, Inc. in the United States.

Li Wencai: Pioneer of New Steel Metallurgy Processes in China

Li Wencai was born in 1906 in Yongshun, Hunan. In 1931 he graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. In 1933 he studied in Germany, and in 1939 he received a Doctor of Engineering degree from the Dresden University of Technology. He returned to China the same year and served as professor in the Department of Metallurgy at Wuhan University and general manager of the Tianjin China Industrial Raw Materials Company. He later successively served as deputy director of the Industry Department of the Southwest Military and Political Committee, director of the Chongqing Industrial Testing Institute of the Ministry of Light Industry and the Comprehensive Steel Industry Research Institute of the Ministry of Metallurgy, and vice president, professor-level senior engineer, and doctoral supervisor of the Central Iron and Steel Research Institute of the Ministry of Metallurgy. In 1955 he was appointed a member of the Division of Technological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, renamed academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. In 1949 he participated in the takeover of heavy industrial enterprises in Shanghai, reorganized Shanghai's steel plants, established the Shanghai State-Operated Steel Company, and planned the power grid projects of Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing. During 1954-1958, to meet the needs of basic construction projects for major integrated steel enterprises in areas such as ore, coal and coke, and refractory material inspection, he organized and led a large amount of experimental research work, conducted China's first pure-oxygen top-blown steelmaking test in a half-ton converter, carried out vacuum casting and continuous ingot casting tests, and completed laboratory tests on formed coke (hot-pressed coke). He wrote many papers and won numerous awards.

Liu Yexiang: Famous Chinese Expert in Metallurgy, Materials, and Industrial Electrochemistry

Liu Yexiang was born in 1930 in Wuhan, Hubei. In 1953 he graduated from the Department of Metallurgy at Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (now the Yuelu Campus of Central South University). He successively served as head of the Department of Metallurgy at Central South University, director of the Institute of Metallurgy, vice president, professor, party secretary and president, and doctoral supervisor. From 1979 to 1982 he was a visiting scholar in the Industrial Electrochemistry Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. In 1997 he was elected an academician of the Division of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He has long been engaged in teaching and research in nonferrous metal metallurgy, molten salt electrochemistry, light metals, and aluminum metallurgy, with particular expertise in high-temperature molten salt electrolysis electrocatalysis theory and lithium salt paste technology, functional electrode materials research and application, and aluminum electrolysis. The "Lithium Salt Anode Paste Energy-Saving Production Technology" he presided over won the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation in 1991, the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the State Education Commission in 1992, and the First Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The production of TiB2 functional electrode materials and its coated cathode technology, as well as aluminum electrolysis process optimization and automatic control methods and devices, obtained multiple national patents and have been promoted and applied with significant economic benefits.

Chen Xinmin: Pioneer of Nonferrous Metallurgy Education in China

Chen Xinmin was born in 1912 in Wangjiang, Anhui. In 1935 he graduated from the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University. In 1941 he went to the United States to study, and in 1945 he received a Doctor of Science (Metallurgy) degree from the Graduate School of MIT. He served as a metallurgical researcher at the South Chicago plant of U.S. Steel, and returned to China the following year. He successively served as professor in the Department of Metallurgy at Tianjin Beiyang University, and professor, member and secretary-general of the University Council at Tsinghua University. In 1952 he was tasked with preparing to establish the Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (later renamed Central South University of Technology), serving as president, professor, executive vice president, honorary president, honorary president of Central South University of Technology, and doctoral supervisor. In 1980 he was elected a member of the Division of Technological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He long devoted himself to teaching and research in the physical chemistry of metallurgical processes, especially thermodynamics and kinetics. In the 1980s he carried out a series of studies on the physicochemical properties of metallurgical slags and molten sulfur and metal losses in slag, which played a guiding role in copper-nickel metallurgical processes. The "Basic Research on the Dehydration Reaction of Magnesium Chloride" he presided over won an award at the 1978 Hunan Provincial Science Conference; the "Series of Studies on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Metal (W, Mo, Mn)-Oxygen Systems" won the 1990 Hunan Provincial Top Ten Scientific and Technological Achievements Award. He is the author of "Physical Chemistry," "Chemical Thermodynamics of Metallurgy," and other works; and wrote papers such as "Chromium-Oxygen Equilibrium in Molten Iron" and "Thermodynamic Basis of Gas Analysis in Metals."

Yu Yongfu: China's "King of Ore Dressing"

Yu Yongfu was born in 1932 in Nanzhao, Henan. In 1956 he graduated from the Department of Ore Dressing at Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. He successively served as senior engineer and professor-level senior engineer at the Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy under the Ministry of Metallurgy. In 1995 he was elected an academician of the Division of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In 1986 he was awarded the title of National Young and Middle-Aged Expert with Outstanding Contributions. He has long been engaged in research on refractory red iron ore, large polymetallic paragenetic ore, and rare metal ore dressing, and his research results have been applied in production practice, producing significant social and economic benefits. He presided over research on the ore dressing process for mixed (magnetite, hematite, siderite) iron ore at the Daye Iron Mine of Wuhan Iron and Steel, developed a new low-intensity magnetic separation-high-intensity magnetic separation process and a new type of industrial high-intensity magnetic separator, and put them into production, winning the First Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985; "basic unit of grinding, magnetic separation grouping,

flotation separation, iron reverse flotation of interlocked particles, and rare earth (niobium) sequential preferential flotation separation," a unique ore dressing method, and completed the weak magnetic-high magnetic-flotation comprehensive recovery iron and rare earth ore dressing process, which was listed as one of the nation's top ten scientific and technological achievements in 1992 and won the Special Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the Ministry of Metallurgy in 1992; the "Comprehensive Utilization Process and Product Development and Application of Niobium Resources at Baotou Steel," which he participated in and presided over, won the First Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1991.

Li Jieshou: The First Scientist in Asia to Successfully Perform Small Intestine Transplantation Surgery

Li Jieshou was born in 1924 in Liuyang, Hunan. In 1949 he graduated from National Zhongzheng Medical College. He served as a surgical resident at Nanjing Central Hospital. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he successively served as attending surgeon in the East China Military Region, director of the General Surgery Research Institute at Nanjing Military Region General Hospital, director of the PLA Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, and concurrently professor of surgery and doctoral supervisor at the Second Military Medical University, and vice president of the Clinical School of Nanjing University Medical School and director of its Science Committee. In 1996 he was elected an academician of the Division of Medicine and Health of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He has long been engaged in clinical surgery research and practice, focusing on gastrointestinal surgery, and is especially skilled in the treatment of enterocutaneous fistulas. The "New Method for Treating Enterocutaneous Fistulas" he presided over won an award at the 1978 National Science Conference; "Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistulas and Total Parenteral Nutrition" and "Research on the Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistulas" won the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress of the PLA in 1985 and the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award respectively; "Advances in Artificial Gastrointestinal Nutrition" won the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1989; "Research on Cholestasis Caused by Total Parenteral Nutrition" won the Third Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995; and "Allogeneic Small Intestine Transplantation" won the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress of the PLA in 1996. In 1996 he received the PLA Major Contribution Award for Professional Technology. In 1997 he received the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress.

Li Leishi: Pioneer of Modern Nephrology in China

Li Leishi was born in 1926 in Liuyang, Hunan. In 1948 he graduated from the Department of Medicine at National Zhongzheng Medical College. He once served as a resident physician at Nanjing Central Hospital. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he successively served as attending physician in the Tropical Diseases Department of the East China Military Region Hospital, chief physician at PLA Hospital 86, vice president of Nanjing Military Region General Hospital and concurrently director of the Nephrology Department, and director of the PLA Institute of Nephrology, and concurrently professor of internal medicine at the First, Second, and Third Military Medical Universities of the PLA, and professor of internal medicine, doctoral supervisor, and director of the Degree Committee at Nanjing University Medical School. In 1994 he was elected an academician of the Division of Medicine and Health of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was vice chairman of the Nephrology Society of the Chinese Medical Association and a council member of the International Society of Nephrology. He long engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and research of parasitic diseases and kidney diseases. In the 1950s-1960s he engaged in research on the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases, pioneered internationally a rabbit liver schistosome egg skin test antigen, and was the first in China to confirm the efficacy of the Chinese herbal medicine "Veratrum" in treating schistosomiasis. In the late 1960s he began research on kidney diseases and became a pioneer of modern nephrology in China. He has successively won multiple National Science and Technology Progress Awards for his achievements.

Li Ao: Pioneer of Burn and Trauma Prevention and Treatment Research in China

Li Ao, born in 1917 in Liuyang, Hunan. Graduated from Shanghai Medical College in 1941. He once served as associate professor of surgery at the Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Zhongzheng Medical College. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he successively served as associate professor of surgery at the Fourth Military Medical College and the Sixth Military Medical University, professor of surgery and director of field surgery at the Seventh Military Medical University, concurrently director of the Burn Research Office of the Field Surgery Research Institute of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and doctoral supervisor and vice president of the Third Military Medical University, concurrently honorary director of the Burn Research Institute. In 1995, he was elected an academician of the Division of Medicine and Health of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In 1998, he was awarded the title of "Senior Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering" by the State Council. He served as the first vice chairman of the Burn Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association, the first chairman of the Trauma Society, a member of the International Society for Burn Injuries, and an honorary member of the American Trauma Society. He long engaged in systematic research, diagnosis, and teaching in burns and trauma, and was one of the main pioneers in domestic research on the prevention and treatment of burns and trauma. The "Burn Research" project he led won the First Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985.

A Pioneer of Cancer Research in Hunan — Yao Kaitai

Yao Kaitai, born in 1931 in Kunshan, Jiangsu. Graduated from the Department of Medicine of Shanghai First Medical College in 1954 and was assigned to teach at the Medical College of Shandong University. In 1956, he was transferred to Hunan Medical College (later renamed Hunan Medical University), where he successively served as assistant and lecturer in the Department of Pathophysiology, associate professor and director of the Cancer Research Office, professor, director, and doctoral supervisor of the Cancer Research Institute, and director of the Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of "Carcinogenesis Pathology." In 1991, he was elected a member of the Division of Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and in 1994 the title was changed to academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1990, he was awarded the title of National Young and Middle-aged Expert with Outstanding Contributions. Since 1975, he has engaged in research on the epidemiology, cell biology, experimental pathology and molecular biology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and molecular genetics of human malignant tumors. The project he co-led, "Establishment of an Experimental Rat Model of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma," won an award at the 1978 National Science Conference; the project he led, "Research on In Vitro Culture and Chemical Transformation of Human Embryonic Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells," won the Second Prize of the Science and Technology Progress Award of the State Education Commission in 1991; "Research on the Localization of DNase-1 Sensitive Regions on Human Mitotic Metaphase Chromosomes" won the Second Prize of the Ministry of Health in 1996; and "Culture and Chemical Transformation of Human Embryonic Nasopharyngeal Cells and Cloning of the Malignant Transformation Gene of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma" won the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1996.

China's Famous Road Engineering Expert — Sha Qinglin

Sha Qinglin, born in 1930 in Yixing, Jiangsu. Graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1952. In 1957, he graduated from the graduate department of the Moscow Highway Institute in the Soviet Union and received a candidate of sciences degree. After returning to China, he served as an engineer and researcher at the Highway Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications. In 1999, he was appointed professor at Changsha Communications University. In 1995, he was elected an academician of the Division of Civil, Hydraulic, and Architectural Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is a well-known road engineering expert and highway pavement expert in China. He long engaged in road engineering, highway pavement engineering design and construction, and pavement science research. He achieved results in research on flexible pavement design methods and made numerous innovations in the theory and practice of pavement design theory, heavy compaction standards, semi-rigid material performance and composition design, semi-rigid pavement structure design, typical structures, and reliability research. In particular, his new insights into cracks in semi-rigid pavements represented a theoretical breakthrough, and the results have been applied in engineering, forming the construction model for high-grade highway pavements in China. From 1968 to 1979, he participated many times in the design, construction, and research of China's foreign-aid highways. In 1990, the "Complete Technology for Skid-Resistant Surface Layers of Semi-Rigid Base Asphalt Pavements for High-Grade Highways" won the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1993.

China's Soil and Fertilizer Expert — Liu Gengling

Liu Gengling, born in 1929 in Taoyuan, Hunan. Graduated from Wuhan University in 1952, studied in the Soviet Union from 1955 to 1959, and received a doctoral degree. He is a famous soil and plant nutrition scientist in China, a doctoral supervisor, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He once served as deputy director of the Division of Agriculture, Light Industry, and Environmental Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and editor-in-chief of Scientia Agricultura Sinica. After returning to China in 1959, he successively served as director of the Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, deputy director of the Changsha Institute of Agricultural Modernization of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director and director of the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Rigorous in scholarship, rich in knowledge, and broad in vision, he persisted in integrating theory with practice, oriented toward agricultural development, and was skilled at comprehensively studying soil fertilizer, crop growth, and climatic conditions. He made outstanding contributions to preventing and treating rice "autumn stagnation" in the south, improving low-yield paddy fields, developing double-cropping rice, implementing "late rice surpassing early rice," treating rice "stiff seedling" disorder, improving "arsenic-toxic fields," restoring red soil vegetation, and developing mountainous agriculture. He won national awards 4 times and provincial and ministerial awards 7 times. In 1991, he was awarded the title of National Scientist with Outstanding Contributions and enjoyed special government allowances. In 1994, he was elected one of the first academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

The Founder of China's Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding Discipline — Zhu Zhiti

Zhu Zhiti, born in 1929 in Changsha, Hunan. Graduated from Beijing Forestry College in 1954. In 1957, he went to study in the former Soviet Union, and in 1961 received a candidate of sciences degree in biology from the Moscow Forestry Technical Institute. He successively served as professor and doctoral supervisor at Beijing Forestry College. In 1999, he was elected an academician of the Division of Agriculture, Light Industry, and Environmental Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He long engaged in teaching and research in forest tree genetics and breeding and was one of the founders of China's forest tree genetics and breeding discipline. He made outstanding contributions to solving China's papermaking raw material varieties and gene resource conservation. After 15 years of effort, he led the completion of research projects such as "Research on Methods of Populus tomentosa Propagation" and "Collection, Conservation, and Utilization of Populus tomentosa Gene Resources." Using chromosome substitution and doubling techniques, he successfully bred a series of fast-growing, high-quality triploid Populus tomentosa varieties, producing high-quality papermaking raw materials with high whiteness, long fibers, and high wood pulp yield. He successively won multiple National Science and Technology Progress Awards, the State Council Huang-Huai-Hai Agricultural Development Award, and the State Science and Technology Commission Golden Bridge Award.

The Founder of China's Largest Rhizobium Culture Collection — Chen Wenxin

Chen Wenxin, born in 1926 in Liuyang, is a soil microbiologist and bacterial taxonomist. She completed a nationwide survey of nodulation in leguminous plants, isolated more than 6,000 rhizobium strains, established the world's largest rhizobium culture collection to date, and discovered a number of precious rhizobium germplasm resources. These strains have begun to be used in the conversion of cropland to forest and grassland in the western region, with remarkable results. She was the first in China to establish a bacterial molecular taxonomy laboratory at the world's advanced level, established a set of effective technical methods for rhizobium classification and identification, and described and published 2 new genera and 15 new species of rhizobia.

The Creator of China's First Fish Polyploid Gene Bank — Liu Yun

Liu Yun, born in 1929 in Wugang, is a famous Chinese fish reproductive physiologist, professor and doctoral supervisor at Hunan Normal University, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, national-level expert with outstanding contributions, and recipient of special allowances from the State Council. In the late 1980s, using integrated technology combining cell engineering and sexual hybridization, he established China's first fish polyploid gene bank and successfully bred triploid crucian carp and triploid carp, winning multiple national science and technology awards. He is called the "Fish Sage" and "Academician of Fish" in the industry. He authored Chinese Pond Aquaculture and Reproductive Physiology of Cultured Fish in China, and wrote more than 50 papers including "Research on the Fertilization Cytology of Grass Carp Eggs" and "Research on Artificial Propagation Experiments of Grass Carp."

The First Chinese Scientist to Conduct Research in the Arctic — Xie Zichu

Xie Zichu, born in 1937 in Hengnan, Hunan, is a famous glaciologist, the founder of avalanche science in China, and a professor at Hunan Normal University. He was the first Chinese scientist to conduct scientific research in the Arctic and also an advocate of China's Antarctic scientific research. In 1958 and 1959, Xie Zichu was sent twice to the Arctic for internships, becoming the first Chinese person to conduct Arctic research. In 1960, he graduated from the Department of Geography of Moscow University and was China's first overseas student majoring in "polar glaciology." In 1966, Xie Zichu climbed the roof of the world — Mount Everest. After that, he climbed Everest twice more, making him one of the few Chinese scientists to have reached the summit three times. He also trained the famous Antarctic explorer and scientist Qin Dahe.

The World's First Female Scientist to Conduct Research Deep in the Antarctic Interior — Jin Qingmin

Jin Qingmin, born in 1939 in Yanling County, went to Antarctica three times for geological scientific research. She was the world's first female scientist to conduct research in the Antarctic interior and also the first woman to successfully summit Antarctica's highest peak, Mount Vinson. She discovered a large iron deposit in the Mount Vinson area, Antarctica's highest peak, filling a gap in geological research and making tremendous contributions to the motherland's geological cause.

The Developer of China's First Bomber Tail Gun Aiming Radar — Zhou Qingyi

Zhou Qingyi, born in 1921 in Wugang County. He long engaged in teaching and production of radar and scientific research on accelerator technology. He led the development of China's first bomber tail gun aiming radar and developed and produced artillery target indication radar. In 1978, he was awarded the title of Advanced Science and Technology Worker at the National Science Conference. From 1980 onward, he served as chief person in charge of proton linear accelerator technology at the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, achieving a series of major research results in accelerator technology, such as the 10 MeV Beijing Proton Linear Accelerator, the 5 MW Pulsed High-Frequency Power Source, and the Positron Emission Tomography Camera. In 1991, the 35 MeV proton linear accelerator he led to completion won the First Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. He authored Microwave Measurement Technology and other works.

The Father of China's Flash Drive — Deng Guoshun

Deng Guoshun, born in 1967 in Shimen County, graduated with a bachelor's degree in computer science from Sun Yat-sen University, later obtained a master's degree at the Beijing Computer Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and worked at Lenovo. In the early 1990s, he studied in Singapore and once served as system manager of Philips in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1999, together with Cheng Xiaohua, he co-invented the world's first flash drive, named the USB flash disk, and because of this Deng Guoshun is hailed by the industry as the "Father of the Flash Drive." In the same year, he returned to China to start a business and founded Shenzhen Netac Technology Co., Ltd., serving as president to this day. In July 2002, Netac officially obtained the invention patent for the "flash drive" authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office, filling the gap in China's invention patents in the field of computer storage over the past 20 years.

The Father of China's Drones — Zhao Xu

Zhao Xu, born in 1938 in Liuyang, is an expert in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles. He long engaged in research on aviation air defense weapon testing and aviation weapon test range construction. He successively developed four generations of large drone test ranges, opening a unique path suited to China's national conditions for the integrated development of large drones encompassing scientific research, production, testing, flight testing, and management. He is the founder and pioneer of the development of China's large unmanned aerial vehicles and is hailed as the "Father of China's Drones." He led the successful development of a supersonic unmanned target drone using retired J-7 aircraft, which won the First Prize of the Military Science and Technology Progress Award and the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award.

The Founder of the "Solar Tide Asymmetry" Theory — Li Hongguang

Li Hongguang, born in September 1933 in Rucheng County. He graduated from Hunan Water Conservancy and Hydropower School in 1957 and mainly engaged in research on tidal dynamic physics. He founded new theories including "solar tide asymmetry," "new insights on the moon," and "mechanical principles of Earth's precession," among which the "solar tide asymmetry" theory is called "Li's Theorem" or "Li Hongguang's Formula" at home and abroad. This theory reveals the difficult problem of "why Earth's motion is irregular," which the international academic community had not solved for hundreds of years, and will greatly advance research in more than ten fields such as astronomy, climate, and geography. The content of relevant textbooks in many universities will be revised as a result.

The Hydropower Scientist Who Pioneered High-Pressure Grouting Technology in China — Tan Jingyi

Tan Jingyi, born in 1921 in Hengyang County, is an expert in hydraulic and hydropower engineering construction. He led the completion of 8 dams, with a total installed capacity of 1.63 million KW of hydropower stations and irrigation of 1.5 million mu of farmland. Among them, the Liuxi River Arch Dam in Guangdong, the Wujiangdu Arch Gravity Dam in Guizhou, and the Dongjiang Arch Dam in Hunan are all known for their excellent quality. In the Wujiangdu project, where the dam site had strong karst development and the dam height was 165 meters, he pioneered high-pressure grouting technology with Chinese characteristics, achieving outstanding results and promoting it nationwide, opening the way for building high dams and large reservoirs in areas with developed karst.

The Chief Designer of China's First High-Speed Train — Liu Youmei

Liu Youmei, born in 1938 in Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, is currently director of the High-Speed Traction Research Institute of Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works. He successively served as overall designer of China's first- and second-generation electric locomotives and presided over and organized the entire development and development process of China's third- and fourth-generation electric locomotives, enabling China's electric traction technology and equipment to achieve four historic leaps: from ordinary load to heavy load, from conventional speed to high speed, from AC-DC drive to AC drive, and from import to export. In 2002, he served as chief designer for the development of China's first "China Star" 270 km/h high-speed train, which was a complete success and set a new "China Railway First Speed" of 321.5 km/h on the Qinhuangdao-Shenyang high-speed experimental line, marking that China's high-speed train development had entered the international advanced ranks.

The Inventor of the World's First Rhombus-Like New Concept Car — Zhong Zhihua

Zhong Zhihua, born in 1962 in Xiangyin, is dean, professor, and doctoral supervisor of the College of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at Hunan University. He invented the internationally pioneering mechanical energy-storage vehicle crash test traction device, achieving approximately uniform acceleration traction under low power and short runway conditions. Its performance reached the international level of comparable products, while its cost was only 10% of foreign products, and it has already been applied to the safety design of new vehicles at enterprises such as SAIC-GM-Wuling. At the 2002 Beijing International Auto Show, Professor Zhong Zhihua's new rhombus concept car attracted particular attention and won praise from domestic and foreign experts. Senior experts unanimously agreed that this rhombus car with excellent crash safety performance was a major innovation in the automotive industry and was China's and even the world's first truly new concept car.

China's First Female Academician in the Field of Mechanical Engineering — Zhong Jue

Zhong Jue, born in July 1936 in Nanchang, Jiangxi, is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Central South University. She undertook nearly 50 projects, including projects under the National Key Basic Research Development Plan, key projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and major national science and technology tackling projects, published more than 210 papers, and published 4 monographs. The new concept of "extreme manufacturing" she founded was written into the newly adopted National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development. She won 3 First and Second Prizes of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, 1 Second Prize of the National Invention Award, and 7 national invention patents, and also received honors such as the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress, "National Advanced Worker," and "National Top Ten Female Employees," and was awarded the title of "National Science and Technology Expert with Outstanding Contributions." In 1955, Zhong Jue entered the highest hall of China's engineering and technology community, becoming the first female academician in China's mechanical engineering field.

The Winner of China's "National Technology Invention First Prize" — Huang Boyun

Huang Boyun, born in 1945 in Nan County, is a powder metallurgy expert and president of Central South University. The "Preparation Technology of High-Performance Carbon/Carbon Aviation Brake Materials" under his leadership won the First Prize of the National Technology Invention Award in 2004, ending the six-year vacancy of that award. "Manufacturing of High-Performance Powder Metallurgy Aircraft Brake Materials" realized the localization of brake materials for a certain type of aircraft and won the Second Prize of the National Technology Invention Award in 1997. In March, President Hu Jintao personally awarded Huang Boyun the National Technology Invention First Prize, which had been vacant for six consecutive years, to commend his outstanding contributions to the invention of "Preparation Technology of High-Performance Carbon/Carbon Aviation Brake Materials."

The Founder of the Li Process for Tungsten Carbide Smelting — Li Guoqin

Li Guoqin, courtesy name Binglin, was born in Changsha, Hunan, in 1887. After graduating from the Hunan Higher Industrial School (the predecessor of Hunan University) in 1910, he worked as a technician at an antimony smelting company, and later went to Clark University in the United States to pursue a doctorate. During World War I, he made substantial profits from the import and export trade in antimony and tungsten, and became a U.S. citizen. During World War II, he served as an advisor to the U.S. Strategic Materials Administration and also ran several non-ferrous metal smelting enterprises, creating the "Li Tungsten Carbide Smelting Method." The U.S. government had his name engraved on a bronze plaque at the base of the Statue of Liberty in New York, and Brazil, Thailand, Italy, and other countries also awarded him medals.

The first person in the world to isolate the trachoma virus — Tang Feifan

Tang Feifan (1897-1958), also known as Ruizhao, was a native of Liling and a medical microbiologist. In the 1950s, he and Zhang Xiaolou and others successfully isolated the trachoma virus, and he was hailed as the first person in the world to isolate the trachoma virus. The trachoma virus became known as "Tang's virus." In 1981, he was posthumously awarded the "Trachoma Gold Medal" by the International Organization Against Trachoma.

The first academician in China to open up research in hepatic biochemical pharmacology — Liu Gengtao

Liu Gengtao, born in 1932 in Shuangfeng County, was a biochemical pharmacology expert, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and a researcher at the Institute of Materia Medica of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. After graduating from Hunan Medical College (now Central South University) in 1956, he devoted nearly 50 years to pharmacological research and became a renowned expert in anti-hepatitis drug research in China and one of the principal inventors of several new drugs. He was the first in China to open up the field of hepatic biochemical pharmacology, conducting research on liver cell injury and repair, induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and its biological significance, free radical damage and antioxidants, and created many animal models that did not exist at home or abroad. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1994.

The mother of IVF — Lu Guangxiu

Lu Guangxiu, born in 1939 in Changsha, was the director of the Reproductive Engineering Research Office at Hunan Medical University and an expert in genetics and reproductive medicine. In 1981, under the guidance of her father, Professor Lu Huilin, she devoted herself to reproductive engineering research, and in less than half a year established China's first human frozen sperm bank. A number of her research achievements were transferred to clinical application, and she established a eugenics, genetics, and infertility clinic that treats about 6,000-7,000 infertility and genetic patients from all over the country and overseas each year, achieving good therapeutic results. She is known as the "mother of IVF." She is one of the founders of China's reproductive engineering, and in scientific research she has successively achieved seven national firsts and won national and provincial science and technology progress awards seven times; she has become an academic leader with high prestige in China's reproductive genetics field, a young and middle-aged science and technology expert with outstanding contributions to the nation, and enjoys special government allowances; she has also been honored as a March 8th Red Banner Pacesetter at both the national and Hunan provincial levels, an outstanding returned overseas scholar of the Ministry of Health and the State Education Commission, and one of the first Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Stars.

The son of pharmacogenetics — Zhou Honghao

Zhou Honghao, born in May 1939 in Changsha, Hunan, is a renowned Chinese clinical pharmacologist and pharmacogeneticist. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in medicine from Wuhan Medical College in 1962. In 1978, he was transferred to the Department of Pharmacology at Hunan Medical College to engage in teaching and research, and began his career in clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics research. From 1983 to 1991, he conducted research in clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics at the University of Hong Kong and Vanderbilt University in the United States. He currently serves as the chief professor of the National Key Discipline of Pharmacology at Central South University, director of the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and the Institute of Pharmacogenetics, and is hailed as the "son of pharmacogenetics."

The founder of China's "clinical cytogenetics" — Xia Jiahui

Xia Jiahui, born in 1937 in Taojiang County, Hunan, is a professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. He is a renowned "human and medical geneticist" at home and abroad and the founder of China's "clinical cytogenetics." Under Xia Jiahui's leadership, the "State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics" was the first in the world to precisely map the human testis-determining factor (TDF) gene to chromosome Yp11.32, and created the "Chinese Chromosome Abnormality Karyotype Database" and the "Chinese Genetic Disease Family Collection Database." In 1998, using this method, he successfully cloned the gene for human hereditary, neurological, high-frequency deafness (GJB3), achieving a breakthrough of zero in cloning disease genes on Chinese soil.

The founder of Chinese microecology — Wei Xi

Wei Xi (1903-1989), courtesy name Dongsheng, was a native of Yueyang and a medical microbiologist. He was the founder of Chinese microecology and the first scholar to introduce the terminology and related content of gnotobiology to China. He made important contributions to the establishment and development of China's biological products industry. In his scientific career, he mainly focused on the etiology and epidemiology of zoonoses — rickettsial diseases and leptospirosis. He trained a large number of talents and proposed bacterial flora adjustment therapy for treating dysbiosis, achieving good results.

The founder of the discipline of railway traction electrification and automation — Cao Jianyou

Cao Jianyou, born in 1917 in Changsha, Hunan, was a railway electrification engineering expert and educator, and the founder of the discipline of railway traction electrification and automation. He long engaged in teaching and research in railway electrification and computer science, and trained a large number of technical backbone personnel for China's railway electrification construction. He made outstanding contributions to the decision to adopt the "single-phase industrial frequency AC voltage system" for China's railway electrification and to the theoretical research on traction power supply systems.

The scientist who pioneered the world's first geophysical exploration "dual-frequency induced polarization method" — He Jishan

He Jishan, born in 1934 in Liuyang, Hunan, created and developed the theory and methods of resource exploration geophysics characterized by pseudo-random signal electromagnetic method and dual-frequency induced polarization method, which was hailed internationally as a major event in applied geophysics. He invented and developed a series of instruments with international advanced levels. His series of instruments have been widely used in geological exploration and engineering surveys, and according to expert assessment of proven reserves, the potential economic value exceeds 80 billion yuan. He created the "fitted flow field method" for detecting hidden seepage in dikes, dams, mines, buildings, etc., which has been promoted and applied nationwide.

The first scientist in China to carry out experimental research on ionospheric small irregularity structure and drift — Li Jun

Li Jun (1930-1994) was a native of Shaoyang, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Physics at Wuhan University in 1955 and completed his graduate studies there in 1958. He mainly engaged in scientific experiments and basic theoretical research in ionospheric physics and radio wave propagation, and was one of the founders of ionospheric acoustic-gravity wave observation research in China. He was the first in China to carry out experimental and theoretical research on ionospheric small irregularity structure and drift, and theoretically unified the physical basis of the similar fading method and correlation analysis method. In the radio diagnosis research of ionospheric disturbances, he proposed a new method for ionospheric disturbances. He authored papers such as "The Relationship Between Ionospheric Irregularity Parameters and Ionospheric State."

Winner of the U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers — Zhou Jizhong

Zhou Jizhong was born in 1959 in Xinshao County. In 1977, he was admitted to Hunan Agricultural University to study plant protection, and in 1981 he was admitted as a master's student in entomology at the same university. After graduating in 1985, he stayed on to teach. In 1986, he was admitted as a doctoral student in the Systems Ecology Laboratory of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He subsequently obtained a doctorate in molecular genetics and cell biology from Washington State University in the United States. In 1996, he received an outstanding postdoctoral fellowship from the U.S. Department of Energy and worked at the U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, becoming head of the research laboratory in 2000. His main research topics are at the forefront of world science: functional genomics and microbial ecology. His latest research achievement, "microbial gene chip technology," won the U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers. This technology is widely applied in environmental bioremediation, agriculture, industry, medicine, and other fields.

The first winner of the "Award for Influencing the World's Chinese" — Tao Yizhi

Tao Yizhi, a native of Changsha, is a female scientist at Rice University in Houston, USA. She received her bachelor's degree from Peking University in China in 1992 and her doctorate from Purdue University in 1999. After completing postdoctoral research at Harvard University in 2002, she became a full staff member at Rice University and is currently an assistant professor of biochemistry and cell biology there. She mainly devotes herself to RNA virus research, and what fascinates her most is her work on AJ influenza viruses, including those type A influenza viruses that cause annual human influenza transmission and the widely spreading H5N1 avian influenza virus. According to the December 2006 issue of the British science weekly Nature, a team led by Chinese female scientist Tao Yizhi at Rice University in Houston, USA, found the weakness of the H5N1 virus. In April 2007, she received the "2006 Award for Influencing the World's Chinese," becoming the first winner of this award.

China's first female Bachelor of Science — Zeng Baosun

Zeng Baosun, born in 1893, never married, was a female educator and a third-generation descendant of Zeng Guofan. At the age of 14, she successively attended Yanmo and Wuben girls' schools, and later was admitted to the Hangzhou Provincial Girls' Normal School. In 1910, she transferred to Feng's Higher Girls' School. In 1911, she followed Ms. Barlow, the principal of Feng's Higher Girls' School, to England and entered the University of London to study science, jointly pursuing "saving the world through science." In 1916, she obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of London with excellent grades, becoming the first female Bachelor of Science among Chinese women. In September 1918, she and Zeng Yuejia founded a brand-new girls' school combining Chinese and Western elements — Yifang School, and devoted her entire life to education. From 1927 to 1937, Zeng Baosun, as a Chinese representative to the second and third conferences of the Pacific International Exchange Conference, attended international exchange conferences four times. In the winter of 1937, she was invited to speak at Eton College in England, with the topic "China's War of Resistance Will Surely Win," becoming the first Oriental woman to speak there. In 1951, she was invited by Song Meiling to Taiwan, and in 1978, Zeng Baosun passed away in Taiwan at the age of 85.

The father of Taiwan's economy — Yin Zhongrong

Yin Zhongrong (1903-1963) was born in Shaodong County. He presided over the formulation of Taiwan's "Outline Plan for Accelerating Economic Development." In foreign trade, he reformed the multiple exchange rate system into a single exchange rate, abolished the "import application restriction measures," and developed free trade. In industrial production, he expanded the scope of private enterprises, maintained free competition, and concentrated credit investment in manufacturing. He controlled investment in consumer goods production so that every penny became a driving force for increasing economic development and promoting prosperity. He contributed to putting Taiwan's economic activities on the right track and making Taiwan's economic strength one of the "Four Asian Tigers," and was called by Taiwan's business circles "China's Erhard," "the father of Taiwan's economy," and "the father of Taiwan's industrialization."

The founder of the "zero-cost operation" theory — Yi Xinnan

Yi Xinnan, a native of Yueyang, is a senior economist and management expert. He currently serves as vice president of the World Chinese Merchants Union and executive director of the Hotel Professional Committee of the Asia-Pacific Tourism Federation, among other positions. He has successively reduced losses at 5 of 11 state-owned loss-making enterprises, turned 6 from loss to profit, with the highest profit growth reaching 45.8%, and is known as a "loss-reversal expert." He continuously summarized management experience and formed an independent theoretical system — the "zero-cost operation" theory. Since Yi Xinnan proposed this theory in 2000, it has been highly praised by domestic enterprise and business circles, and he has written works such as "Talks on Sino-Foreign Joint Venture Management" and "Zero-Cost Operation." Yi Xinnan is also a famous lyricist. He has created more than 300 poems and lyrics, which have been broadcast and published by CCTV and many other media. His lyrics such as "I Love Mom, I Love Home" and "Banner" have successively won the "Five-One Project Award," the China TV Golden Eagle Award, and the "China Radio Literature and Art Award," three of China's highest national literary and art awards.

Hengyang's "Shennong" — Liu Handian

Liu Handian (dates of birth and death unknown) was a native of Hengyang County during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and made his living by piloting boats. He was the first person to introduce single-cropping late rice to Hengyang County, and the Tongzhi edition of the "Hengyang County Gazetteer" praised him as Hengyang's "Shennong." Originally, Hengyang County only had single-cropping early rice and middle rice, planted in spring and harvested in autumn. In the vast area along both banks of the Zhengshui River in the county, summer floods occurred frequently, and after the early and middle rice were submerged, no grain could be planted again, often resulting in no harvest for the entire year, while mountain fields often suffered from drought, so Hengyang County had always been short of grain. Later, Liu Handian went to Sichuan to introduce cold-resistant rice seeds, which were just suitable for planting after floods in Hengyang. From then on, farmers along the river no longer worried about floods submerging their early rice, and could still get a harvest by replanting. To thank him for his contribution in introducing the seeds, the people would always first offer new rice to him as a sacrifice when the new grain came in each year, honoring him as the god of the five grains and the venerable savior.

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